The technique can be applied to probe electronic signals or, conversely, to modulate light using controlled electronic signals. Simple demonstrations of each application are presented.

Vesicles with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm [measured using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light-scattering techniques] form spontaneously, following mixing of positively ...

†Department of Physics, National Taiwan University. ‡Graduate Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University. §Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University.