Most projects aren't as simple as hiring one contractor to build a deck. In most cases, project managers rely on a formula to calculate schedule variance.

Variance is a measurement of the spread between numbers in a data set. Investors use the variance equation to evaluate a portfolio’s asset allocation.

For example, in a simple random sample of 25 employees, it would be possible to draw 25 men even if the population consisted of 125 women, 125 men, and 125 nonbinary people.

Eleazar Eskin and colleagues report a variance component model for correcting for sample structure in association studies. The EMMAX program is publicly available and may be used for analysis of ...