Amongst the many global efforts to enhance energy efficiency, cooling systems are seen by many as one of the best places to focus efforts. Cooling systems like your refrigerator and air conditioning ...

Here, we chart the evolution of the science of optical refrigeration in rare-earth-doped solids and semiconductors from its origins through to the present day. There are several factors that limit ...

In his book The Mathematical Universe, mathematician William Dunham wrote of John Venn’s namesake legacy, the Venn diagram, “No one in the long history of mathematics ever became better known ...