Thus particles actually never meet: at very short distances the mutual force between them is repulsive, and increases indefinitely as the distance is diminished. At great distances, particles ...

Natural dispersion forces acting between molecules and particles arise from electromagnetic fields generated by quantum and thermal fluctuations. Here, Brügger et al.show that isotropic ...

When more gas particles enter a container, ... but there are very tiny mathematical deviations due to differences in actual particle size and tiny intermolecular forces in real gases.

Investigating forces in more complex geometries, such as between a particle and a surface or between two particles, requires significant modifications to the instrument. Despite these limitations, ...