There are lots of examples (if you want pick the scabs of the 2016 election, go talk to Nate Silver and company), but I'll stick to physics, and say something briefly about those fleeting hints of ...

To generalize results obtained with field experiments to large populations it is necessary to select the experimental units with a probability sample drawn from the intended target population. In ...

Basic Concepts Related to Probability 1. Experiment. ... It is a real-valued function that assigns a numerical value to each possible outcome of a random experiment. For example, ...

In one experiment, ... Attempts to define probability are often rather ambiguous. In his 1941–2 paper ‘The Applications of Probability to Cryptography’, for example, ...

Prior probability, in Bayesian statistical inference, is the probability of an event based on established knowledge, before empirical data is collected.

Consider a probability distribution in which the outcomes of a random event aren’t equally likely to happen. Y could be 0, 1, or 2 if the random variable Y is the number of heads we get from ...

Pretty much every behavioral science experiment ever conducted, whether on animals or humans carries with it a probability—not a certainty—that the results are valid. You will usually see ...