More information: Anuradhi Rajapaksha et al, Ebers–Moll model inspired equivalent circuit for quantum thermal transistors, APL Quantum (2025). DOI: 10.1063/5.0270456 Bios: ...

When the integrated circuit was invented in 1958, it eclipsed the four-layer diode's capabilities and any market for the diode quickly dried up. Four-layered semiconductors are, however, used today.

Your circuit must use only one transistor, no ICs. Diodes and RCL passives are allowed, but also no vacuum tubes, tunnel diodes, or other active components, you lateral thinkers.

Figure 1 shows how a 2XOR element can be synthesized from a combination of 2OR and 2AND logic elements and a VT1 transistor. In turn, the elements 2OR and 2AND can be replaced with their counterparts ...

For my own purposes (as I do exercises like this from time to time :) ), thinking in tiers is reasonable: – Single diodes, transistors, etc.-> option: permit use of arrays to optimize layout ...

An uncomplicated circuit application of a ZD is the common shunt voltage regulator. If you have a Zener diode (ZD) of unknown characteristics or if you want to use reverse-biased transistor junctions ...

Unit-1 Chapters. Introduction to Semiconductor, energy bands in solids, concept of effective mass, density of states, Fermi levels. PN Junction, Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit ...