Thunderstorms can be characterized by their classic anvil-shaped tops, which are where the air hits a strong, stable layer of the atmosphere and can’t force its way through it. This layer is often ...

Flooding, gusty winds and dangerous lightning for some, a few distant rumbles and maybe sprinkles in the dust for others.

This paper demonstrates a 2-D numerical model to represent two conceptual pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) thundercloud structures: i) tilted dipole and ii) tripole structure with enhanced lower positive ...