In 2010, manufacturers were starting to push closed-loop liquid cooling for CPUs. They were sold as ready-made systems. No adding liquid, no tubes, no hoses.

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Apple is using a closed-loop liquid cooling system comprised mostly of water with some propylene glycol, Boger said. It is transparent to the user and maintenance-free, he said.

The water tank forms a complete closed loop with the pump and PV module connected via water pipes. According to the researchers, the system can operate in a 24-hour continuous water circulation mode.

H aving patented a simple yet efficient design of a closed-loop liquid cooling system (LCS) that integrates a pump into the CPU water block in 2005, and successfully protected its IP for 20 years ...

XIGMATEK has released the Connect Pro 360, a closed-loop water cooling system that stands out by integrating a 7-inch LCD screen directly into the pump head. This screen has a 1280 by 800 ...