An increased pressure gradient across the stenosis, or the presence of collateral circulation through the retroperitoneal, vertebral, intercostal, and azygos veins, are better indications of the ...

The heart was wrapped with ice-cold surgical gauze. The superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and azygos veins, azygos vein, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins were then ...

In short, the right pulmonary artery is not severed, the azygos vein is always ligated, the superior vena cava is not mass ligated and is subjected to delayed interruption. Analysis of the results ...

The superficial system lies above the muscle fascia in the subcutaneous tissues. The principal veins in the superficial system are the great saphenous vein (GSV) and the small saphenous vein (SSV).

As a curious child, you might remember staring at an older relative's thick stockings at the blue, gnarled veins lying under the skin like bumpy snakes. Known as varicose veins, these blood ...

High blood pressure, stress, sun exposure, vein dysfunction, pregnancy, and other factors can contribute to the appearance of veins on the forehead. Genetic factors or age can influence whether ...

Vulvar varicosities are varicose veins that have become enlarged, swollen, or twisted on the outer side of your vulva. They show up on the labia minora and labia majora. In most cases, they occur ...

Waste clearance (WC) is an essential process for brain homeostasis, which is required for the proper and healthy functioning of all cerebrovascular and parenchymal brain cells. This review features ...