This idea changed over the years and, since the 1990s, addiction has been described as a chronic brain disease, particularly in the biomedical and neuroscience literature.

Among the biggest challenges faced by the psychedelics industry is the stigma that surrounds it. "The anti-drug marketing of the past decades was highly effective, and so now when psychedelics are ...

For example, stress causes physiological changes; certain physiological changes (e.g. pain) cause stress. Finally, the BPS model also incorporates social factors in its conceptualization of illness.