The researchers found that reducing the amount of KOH used by at least 50%, with a sludge-to-KOH ratio of 3:1 at a maximum temperature of 800 °C (1,472 °F) was optimal, producing a yield of 0.63 ...

VACUUM nitration of sewage sludge, particularly surplus activated sludge from the activated sludge process of sewage treatment, is a well-established process, particularly in the United States ...