The twentieth-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once wrote that: “Logic takes care of itself; all we have to do is to look and see how it does it.” These words bring out the crux of the ...

No matter what its age, speed, or internal configuration, electronics speak to the world through logic level I/O. A single conductor which is switched between voltage levels to denote a logic 1 or ...

below 0.8V is a logic 0. If you were a keen reader of electronic text books you might have read about different voltage levels tolerated by 4000 series CMOS gates, but the chances are even with ...

For communication among the different parts of a chip having different supply voltages, level shifters are required to convert the logic signal from one voltage level to the other voltage level. Level ...

The twentieth-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein once wrote that: “Logic takes care of itself; all we have to do is to look and see how it does it.” These words bring out the crux of the ...