Real-time traffic speed estimation is an essential component of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies. It is the foundation of modern transportation control and management applications.

This paper proposed an improved full-order sliding-mode observer (IFSMO), applied to a sensorless control system of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM), to obtain a ...

Singapore’s defence cyber chief warns that the traditional lines between military conflict and civilian life are blurring, ...