Past work on complex variables has mainly focused on their second-order structure, as well as that of their conjugates, whereas the main purpose of this correspondence is to clarify the concept of a ...

Therefore, in this paper, we present a probability density computing neural network (NN) training procedure. To overcome the limitation of an effective cost function ... The normalized weighted ...

Experimentally, one can distinguish between two types of transition: the first-order transition at which there is phase coexistence, e.g.between a high-density ... partition function, a quantity that ...

Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) and Josiah Willard Gibbs ...

T-distribution, also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a statistical function that creates a probability distribution. The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution, with its bell ...

Due to its complex geometrical configuration, a SC-SPET system’s response matrix comprises of individual components, i.e. projection probability density functions (PPDFs), with variable spatial ...

In this paper, we use APOGEE data to derive the intrinsic density distribution of MAPs in the Milky Way, after carefully considering the survey selection function. We find that a single exponential ...

Spatially resolved images of debris discs are necessary to determine disc morphological properties and the scattering phase function (SPF ... We identify a diverse range of dust density properties ...

The binomial distribution ... the probability of each outcome \(\Pr(X=x)\). The shape of the graph depends on the parameters \(n\) (number of trials) and \(p\) (probability of success). This graph can ...