Water has proven its value as a heat carrier, for example, when it comes to transferring heat from a boiler to a radiator or ...

The first proper theory to describe it, proposed by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in his 1873 doctoral thesis, presented it as a modification of a gas. By incorporating intermolecular attraction and ...

Example: Steel. While there is a phase diagram for iron and carbon, the most interesting part of this phase diagram is at low (under about 6.67%) carbon. At around 6.67% carbon, a ceramic (Fe 3 C, ...

The “ordering-separation” transition we described in this article using the example of the Co 75 V 25 alloy, as well as other examples, indicates that all diffusion structural-phase transformations ...

We report the high-temperature and high-pressure single-crystal x-ray diffraction study of PbHfO3. The increase of pressure enables an additional intermediate phase, located between the cubic and ...

This diagram, which plots temperature on one axis and pressure on the other, reveals the most stable phase of water at a given pressure-temperature condition. “These simulations are usually very ...

The four fundamental states of matter are solid, liquid, gas and plasma, but there others, such as Bose-Einstein condensates and time crystals, that are man-made.

The higher the pressure and temperature, the more difficult such experiments are. And so the phase diagram of water -- with ice as its solid phase -- still has quite a few inaccuracies and ...