We break down the essential component of modern electronics—the transistor. Transistors are the building blocks behind most ...

9.2 Control of Operating Bias There are three basic ways of providing a DC ... but a virtually identical circuit, but with negative supply rails, could be made with a similar PNP transistor), the ...

Any X-Y switch matrix can be considered with this circuit, which simplifies ... The design uses eight pre-biased transistors—four NPN and four PNP. When depressing a given switch, two ...