The direction of the ray may also change. This property of waves is called refraction and commonly occurs with light rays. A normal is a dotted line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the ...

When a ray of light is incident at normal incidence, (at right angles), to the surface between two optical materials ... to the surface. In refraction calculations, angles are always measured ...

The formulas are covered for topics such as light reflection and refraction, electricity ... definitely help you in your Class 12 physics optics. The mirror formula, lens formula, and ...