Transistors are the fundamental building blocks behind today's electronic revolution, powering everything from smartphones to powerful servers by controlling the flow of electrical currents.

Physics is the search for and application of rules that can help us understand and predict the world around us. Central to physics are ideas such as energy, mass, particles and waves. Physics ...

Abstract: This paper employs the Rung-Kutta optimizer (RKO) to investigate and analyze the dynamic performance of PV units represented using three-diode model (TDM). The paper can be categorized into ...

Here we present a comprehensive model for heat exchange between a semiconductor laser diode and its environment that includes the mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation. We perform ...

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