Here’s a blast from the past as we reprint our news from NYC’s 1961 IRE show—the first integrated logic circuits in TO-5 and TO-18 cans are being announced.

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward ...

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are cornerstone components in the complex landscape of electronic circuits, conducting the operation of amplification and signal processing. A comprehensive grasp ...

Open-circuit transistor Let’s refer to a PNP transistor (the results immediately generalize to an NPN transistor). In open circuit conditions, we expect behavior similar to that of a single junction, ...

The PCB for the project is not affected. In the circuit diagram (Figure 2, section a), the bussed connection between pin 22 (P3.0) of the R8C/13 module and resistor R24 is missing. This connection is ...

Updated 10/26/2022 The transistor is probably the most important invention in electronic engineering and the basis for nearly all integrated circuits (ICs). The transistor is a three-terminal ...

Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) protection circuit by parasitic lateral NPN bipolar transistors (LNPN) is used especially for NMOS Open Drain structure for signal Input/Output (IO) cell like ...

We present an easy-to-use, simulator-independent compact model of a vertical npn transistor suitable for ESD circuit simulation. In addition to including high-current and breakdown effects, we also ...

Circuit simulation Back to the online simulator, we can run static and dynamic simulations to check that the four resistor values are correct. The 2N2222 transistor does not require any operations ...