DC series motor has been the most used solution for the traction of locomotives, trolleybuses, trams and others, characterized by a speed and torque control using additional resistances, which means a ...

The article proposes an integrated converter (IC) with driving, grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), and DC/ vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging capabilities for electric vehicle (EV) ...