What are X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers? X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are a revolutionary type of X-ray source that produce ultra-short, highly intense pulses of X-rays. Unlike conventional X-ray ...
Figure 1: Injection schemes in laser–plasma accelerators. In contrast to electrons, ions are best accelerated by a low-frequency (compared with the electron plasma wave frequency) or even a ...
High harmonic generation is difficult with titanium and other metals, because the free electrons which make them excellent electrical conductors also interact strongly with the laser field and ...
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