The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describes the probability distribution of molecular speeds in a sample of an ideal gas. Introduced over 150 years ago, it is based on the work of Scottish physicist ...

They survey the rules for addition and multiplication of probabilities, the concept of conditional probability, the formula for total probability, Bayes's formula, Bernoulli’s scheme and theorem, the ...

A random variable that has a standard normal distribution is usually denoted with Z Z. That is Z ∼ N (0,1) Z ∼ N (0, 1). Moreover, we use ϕ(z) ϕ (z) and Φ(z) Φ (z) to denote respectively the ...

In this paper, a probability distribution model named “versatile distribution” is formulated and developed along with its properties and applications. The model can well represent forecast errors for ...

Ranking user reputation and object quality has drawn increasing attention for online rating systems. By introducing an iterative reputation-allocation process, in this paper, we present an iterative ...

Generate probability distributions for the future price of publicly traded securities using options data.