This paper presents empirical formulas of the effective coupling length (ECL) for the transmission lines illuminated by the horizontally or vertically polarized E1 HEMP, which is defined by the IEC ...

Empirical formulas are given for single- and multiple-coupled microstrips, directly giving propagation mode admittances and phase velocities to be used in simplified expressions for the admittance ...

According to the empirical rule, that's 99.7% of the data. Three sigma refers to business application processes that operate efficiently and produce high-quality items.