Consider three models of causation: i) a simple linear interaction between a, b and c (where the value of d is the sum of the three after each is multiplied by its own nonzero constant factor); ii) a ...

Physics Correlation or causation? Mathematics can finally give us an answer. Are shark attacks and ice cream sales linked? Do drugs work? Being able to distinguish cause and effect is crucial.

Correlation doesn't imply causation. You've probably heard that before. It's a true statement that's important in statistical analysis—if more tall people own cats, that doesn't mean that cats ...