Finding a measurement of exposure to a risk factor in the body is another way of making case-control studies more reliable and less subjective. These are known as biomarkers. For example ...

the case-control study is retrospective so that instead of measuring relative risk of disease based on exposure, we measure the odds of exposure based on disease. the odds of exposure for cases ...

In vivo platelet activation and related pathways may be linked to small airways disease and pulmonary vascular changes in smokers.

The aim of INTERHEART, a case-control study conducted in > 50 countries ... factor than body mass index (BMI), suggesting that this measurement should replace BMI as an indicator of obesity ...

Eligibility criteria Studies of adults with a prospective follow-up of at least 1 year, a valid cognitive measure or cohort in mid-life at baseline and an estimate of the association between baseline ...