Figure 3: Schematic phase diagram for transitional pipe turbulence ... the non-equilibrium phase transition from laminar to turbulent flow, we use the two-fluid predator–prey mode in equation ...

Additionally, T-type thermocouples were used to measure heat transfer. In a BFS flow, turbulence results in a separated shear layer, which is highly unstable due to the hydrodynamic instabilities.

Now, a new analysis by physicists based in China and France suggests the artist had a deep, intuitive understanding of the mathematical structure of turbulent flow. As a common natural phenomenon ...