The challenge, however, is that this technique only works well when researchers have large, pure crystals ... applied mathematics at Columbia Engineering. "Just as ChatGPT learns the patterns ...

Topology is a branch of mathematics that investigates ... only way to distinguish between the patterns was by referring to an "original" higher-dimensional crystal. This understanding agrees ...

Yet, crystallography has had a persistent flaw: it works best on large, pure crystals ... and applied mathematics at Columbia Engineering. “Just as ChatGPT learns the patterns of language ...

However, unlike a traditional crystal, which repeats a pattern across the physical dimension of space, a time crystal repeats a pattern of motion, rearranging its atoms in the same way over time ...

Whether in plants and animals or rocks, foams and ice crystals, the intricate patterns that happen in nature come down to what’s happening at the level of atoms and molecules. A pattern in ...