In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use ... Common cases where you want a PNP are, for example, when you want to switch a voltage instead ...

For example, a small-signal transistor with a supply voltage of ... but a virtually identical circuit, but with negative supply rails, could be made with a similar PNP transistor), the emitter will ...

For circuit designs that use complementarybipolar transistors,you sometimes need to sort the NPNand PNP transistors to have matchingdc-current gains (β). One example of acircuit requiring matching is ...

Specifically, the examples will be prototyped with the 2N5401 PNP transistor (if necessary) and 2N5551 NPN transistor. In addition, for the input stimulus to the circuits, a 1-kHz waveform will be ...

The npn and pnp transistors used in the circuit should be high current- gain (hfe > 100) devices with minimum 2-A continuous current drive capacity (see the figure). This ensures an output stage ...

The main benefit of using the CMOS-based PTL circuits is that the number of transistors can be greatly reduced when compared with those based on conventional CMOS. For example, only two ...