It describes a "protocol stack," which is a set of rules and formats that interact with each other. For other protocol stacks, see TCP/IP , SDVoE , ATM , SNA and SS7 . See OSI and ISO .

The layers, and what they represent, are as follows: Layer 7: Application. The Application Layer in the OSI model is the layer that is the “closest to the end user”.

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994. It “provides a common basis for ...

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works ...

The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) standardized the model under ITU-T X.224. The ITU is a United Nations Specialized Agency and ITU-T stands for ITU Telecommunication Standardization ...

The Internet Protocol layer is comparable to layer 3 in the OSI model. The host-to-host layer is equivalent to OSI layer 4. These are the TCP and UDP (user datagram protocol) functions.

As a matter of fact, when I started writing this post I titled it “Layer 4 of the OSI Model – understanding the application layer,” and then I had to go back and correct myself.