Swirling inside every cell are millions of microscopic messages called messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The messages are the genetic ...

Only recently has the ribosome—one of the oldest molecular machines in evolutionary terms—been recognized as an active ...

The research field of "cellular IRESes" lay dormant for decades, as there was no uniform standard of reliable methods for the clear characterization of these starting points for the ribosome-mediated ...

Proteins are large molecules composed of a chain of amino acids. They are produced by the ribosome, a cellular "machine" that reads the instructions contained in messenger RNAs. Once the protein ...

Johns Hopkins scientists develop mRNA "booster" as potential new way to treat rare genetic diseases marked by too low levels ...

Biologists have discovered a new type of RNA-splicing regulation that helps to determine which protein-coding exons will be included in messenger RNA transcripts. RNA splicing is a cellular ...

Radiation therapy is a powerful tool for fighting cancer, but it comes with painful side effects. About 60% of cancer ...

Most cells in the body send out little messengers called extracellular vesicles that carry proteins, lipids, and other ...

Many points of intersection exist among these pathways. For instance, a single second messenger or protein kinase might play a role in more than one pathway. Through this network of signaling ...

We don't yet know the cause. But it sets in motion a cascade of events involving T-cells, B-cells, and various messenger proteins called cytokines that play a role in activating your immune system.

The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons. Following transcription, new, immature strands of messenger RNA, called pre-mRNA, may contain both introns and exons.