Van der Waals forces represent a fundamental type of interaction between molecules. Named after the Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, these intermolecular forces include attractions and ...

"“He defined a new type of force, the so-called weak interaction, that was responsible for decay, and whose fundamental process was transforming a neutron into a proton, an electron and a ...

Quantum fields represent particles and their interactions. For example, the electromagnetic force holds charged particles ... That’s where a new type of quantum computer steps in.

AFM force spectroscopy has been extensively used to study protein-ligand interactions, receptor-ligand binding, and single-molecule mechanics. Optical tweezers use focused laser beams to trap and ...