Gerhard von Scharnhorst, who came from a family of small farmers in Lower Saxony, embarked on a military career and became an important Prussian general. Together with Baron vom Stein, he reformed ...

Scharnhorst established the modern general staff. He was among the first anywhere to comprehend the transformation of war wrought by the citizen armies of the French Revolution. As early as 1793, then ...

He went out to the Invaliden Cemetery, laid wreaths on the graves of two significant heroes of Prussia’s wars against Napoleon Bonaparte: General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, who introduced ...