All three algorithms were trained on a set of short videos that had been identified in advance as running either forward or backward. The algorithm that performed best begins by dividing a frame ...

Hinton's FF algorithm replaces the forward-backward passes of backpropagation training with two forward passes that "operate in exactly the same way as each other." The first forward pass operates ...

Their findings, published in Nature Human Behaviour, suggest that forward and backward prediction are used adaptively, based on the setting one is in. "Our paper was motivated by confronting a ...