In blackjack, for example, suits don’t matter ... like Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations, a technique that has revolutionized applied mathematics over the past few decades.

Scientists and philosophers meet at the bleeding edge of simulation theory ... closed system of sentient artificial intelligences, for example—the entire Kipping calculation is voided.

All such effects are ultimately grounded in mathematics, which provides a critical translation from the physical world to computer simulations ... needed to, for example, simulate a firestorm ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New ...

The math is actually pretty simple: the odds are nearly infinity to one that we are all living in a computer simulation. One very strong argument against this unsettling theory is that a computer ...