Unfortunately, integrated circuits aren’t the only parts ... parts tested fine in terms of capacitance and equivalent series resistance, the caps of unknown provenance had ESRs in the 30 ...

Resistance ® close resistance (R)How difficult it is for current to flow. increases when components, for example a lamp, are added to a circuit in series. Potential difference close potential ...

This can be equated or measured as an inductor in series with the transformer because of the circuit effect of ... the coil and is included in the equivalent resistance. The true inductance ...