It is observed that the magnitude of force is highest when the direction of current is at right angles to the magnetic field. If the current is flowing in an electric circuit from South to North ...

it is still the direction of current marked on all circuit diagrams. It is called the direction of conventional current.

Conventional current takes just the opposite direction, from the positive terminal, around the circuit and back to the negative terminal. In that case there’s no charge carrier moving in that ...

Incremental-rotation or linear encoders are very common, but normally they do not provide a direction signal. This design shows an easy way to detect forward or reverse direction. Incremental ...