From the early 1900s to the 1960s, data processing was tabulating machines ... See punch card. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction requires permission.

Still, Davenport offers this definition: (#5 ... 8) The shift (for enterprises) from processing internal data to mining external data. (#9) The shift (for individuals) from consuming data ...

who experiment to define the purpose of the data. When the purpose(s) of the data is known, its copies move from landing to the processing stage, where the refinement, optimization, aggregation ...