Parts two and three focused on the CNS, and part four began to examine the anatomy and physiology of the PNS. This fifth article in the series continues to discuss the PNS, focusing on the cranial ...

This fourth article in the series begins to examine the anatomy and physiology of the PNS. Anatomically, the PNS is made up of spinal and cranial nerves together with nerve endings, plexuses ...

Figure 3 - Origin of cranial nerves involved in swallowing. ... Physiology of oral cavity, pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter. Benson T. Massey. GI Motility online (2006) doi:10.1038/gimo2.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain and are ... Patel RM, Pinto JM. Olfaction: anatomy, physiology, and disease. Clin Anat 2014;27:54-60. Crossref. PubMed. Web ...

Home > Overview > Physiology of oral cavity, pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter > Figure 2. ... Note that cranial nerves V and VII arise in pons and IX, X and XII arise in medulla.