Physical layer interfaces pass their messages to upper layers that end up generating IP formatted packets. Application layers above use the IP protocol as their basic underpinning building block. By ...

As the Fat Protocol thesis posits, value in blockchains would mostly accumulate at the base protocol layer rather than the application layer. For a while, this seemed to be true. 589 Total views ...

Application layer distributed denial of service ... The most common types of application layer DDoS attacks include those targeting DNS services, ... including application, volumetric, protocol, ...

Software implementations of UDP-based application protocols DNS, NTP, TFTP, Echo (RFC862), Chargen (RFC864), and QOTD (RFC865) were specifically found to be vulnerable to such network loops.

The vulnerability affects legacy protocols including Daytime, Time, Active Users, Echo, Chargen, and QOTD, as well as contemporary protocols like TFTP, DNS, and NTP, of the application layer.

A new denial-of-service attack dubbed 'Loop DoS' targeting application layer protocols can pair network services into an indefinite communication loop that creates large volumes of traffic.