Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1 ... Up to eight electrons may exist in the atom's second shell. An electron may "drop" from an outer shell if an inner shell is not ...

The “lead” of a pencil is actually made of a substance called graphite which is made of carbon atoms. The picture shows a close-up of one carbon atom. A hydrogen atom has one proton as the nucleus and ...

An electron has been turned into a spiralling wave of mass and charge, with the help of a laser. “Chirality, or handedness, ...

Charge is measured in coulombs (C). Since electrons are so small and one electron will not have much of an effect anywhere, it is more useful to refer to packages of electrons. One coulomb of ...