Consider three models of causation: i) a simple linear interaction between a, b and c (where the value of d is the sum of the three after each is multiplied by its own nonzero constant factor); ii) a ...

In this post, I discuss what “effect sizes” are, why effect sizes from well-designed studies are not the same as ...

Physics Correlation or causation? Mathematics can finally give us an answer. Are shark attacks and ice cream sales linked? Do drugs work? Being able to distinguish cause and effect is crucial.

Correlation doesn't imply causation. You've probably heard that before. It's a true statement that's important in statistical analysis—if more tall people own cats, that doesn't mean that cats ...

An example of unidirectional cause and effect: bad weather means umbrella sales rise, but buying umbrellas won’t make it rain. Mariusz Olszewski/Flickr , CC BY-NC-ND Clearing up confusion ...

For example, a student who uses social networks daily scores 20 points lower in math than a student who never uses social media (the average math score in Australia for 2012 was 504 points).